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  • Question 178 – On Kenneth Miller and Evolution

    Question 178 – On Kenneth Miller and Evolution

     

    Dear CAI, do you know of any response for this:

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BXdQRvSdLAs&NR=1

    Thank you,

    Damien

     

    R. Sungenis: The first thing we need to note about this vignette is that it is from Ken Miller, one of the most biased evolutionists in academia. Miller has shown in various cases that he cannot be trusted to interpret the data fairly, and here is no exception. A few years ago Miller tried to make a case for evolution based on the protein Pencillinase, but it was an utter failure. You can read about it in the attached piece I wrote on Miller for the Catholic Apologetics Study Bible, Genesis 1-11.

     

    As for the genome he describes in the above video, the burden is on Miller, and a heavy burden it is, to prove that the fusion of the two chromosomes is from two separate chromosomes from a the lower species, not merely suggest that it is. This means that he must eliminate all other possibilities before he can make a case. After all, isn't that what "science" is? It's not guess work or mere hypotheses, but solid evidence that what is purported as evidence is, indeed, evidence. Miller is using the same kind of logic here that he used in the Pencillinase case -- if you don't see it Miller's evolutionary way, then you are blind, and he implies as much in this video. Notice also that Miller doesn't tell us what the function of the #2 chromosome is. I think the reason for this is that if it shows that #2 is the cause of a unique feature in chimps and apes that is not in humans, then there is good reason why God eliminated it in the creation of a human. In other words, it's not a fusion but a deliberate excision. It is impossible for Miller to prove that it is not an excision, therefore he has no case. According to Genesis 1, animals and man were made on the same day, the Sixth Day. So obviously, when God was making their respective DNA, he put an extra chromosome in the chimp that he did not put in man. Very simple. If it "looks" like it's fused, well, that's Miller's problem to solve, but he can't solve it by claiming that what "looks" like a fusion is, indeed, a fusion, and one caused by evolution and nothing else.

     

    Unfortunately, this is just another case in which Miller props up evidence to wow and flutter his audience (who don't know any better), when in actuality it is just the same smoke and mirrors we have seen from him in the past. If Miller really had proof for evolution, he would have shown it by now. Instead, we are treated to an assortment of side-shows that prove nothing except Miller's desperation to vouch for the fact that he is a scientist from Brown working for his tenure. If Brown so much as gets a whiff that Miller or anyone else on their esteemed roster of academics is voicing doubts about evolution, the powers-that-be would not hesitate to terminate their position. The movie by Ben Stein, "Expelled," shows that fact in graphic detail.

     

    Here is the piece I wrote on Miller:

     

    Critique of Kenneth Miller’s

    Views on Theistic Evolution

     

    Kenneth R. Miller is a Brown University professor of biology and the author of “Finding Darwin’s God: A Scientist’s Search for Common Ground Between God and Evolution.” In an article originally published in The Providence Journal, August 12th, 2005, Dr. Miller writes the following:

     

    Catholic Theology has no Fight with Darwin

     

    It’s never been easy being Charles Darwin. Rodney Dangerfield talked about getting “no respect” but the brickbats thrown Darwin’s way are putting poor Rodney to shame.

    Alabama pastes warning stickers in any textbook that mentions evolution; a member of the Kansas Board of Education pronounces evolution “biologically, genetically, mathematically, chemically and metaphysically impossible.” And now even a cardinal of the Catholic Church has taken a potshot at poor Old Charles.

    Austrian Cardinal Christoph Schonborn, editor of the church’s Catechism, recently wrote that any notion that neo-Darwinian theory is “somehow compatible with Christian faith” is simply “not true.” The cardinal asserted that evolution is an “unguided, unplanned process of random variation and natural selection.” Evolution, in his view, isn’t science so much as a “materialistic philosophy” that denies the existence of a creator’s plan. It’s anti-Christian, he says, and it’s bad science to boot. The cardinal may think that evolution deserves the Dangerfield treatment, but in his understandable eagerness to stand up for God, he’s made three glaring mistakes: The most obvious is scientific. The second is political. And the third, dare I say as a Catholic layperson, is theological. Knowing how the cardinal’s words will be misused by the enemies of science, I think it’s important to set the record straight.

     

    Response: Miller designates those who take an opposite view than his as “enemies of science.” He speaks about a desire to “set the record straight,” but it seems he is trying to twist the record by implying his opponents not only ignore but repudiate science. This is a common ploy of evolutionists, but nothing could be further from the truth. It is upon science that the Creationist bases his argument, mainly because of the scientific impossibility of an upward progression of species by blind chance. Hence, if we can take the liberty of ‘reading between the lines’ of Miller’s words, he is claiming that anyone who doubts the conclusions he and his evolutionary colleagues draw from science is an “enemy of science.” Miller apparently cannot accept that someone else who sees the same scientific evidence can come to a perfectly valid yet opposite conclusion than he. Why should this be so hard for Dr. Miller? Hasn’t the history of science shown that scientists have disagreed with each other countless times, and haven’t most theories of science been either radically modified or rejected as time goes on, which at first had unqualified acceptance? It is my honest opinion that Dr. Miller is on a mission to silence anyone who advocates an anti-evolutionary viewpoint, no matter what scientific evidence is utilized to support it. In reality, Kenneth Miller is the “enemy of science.” Not only does he ignore all the scientific evidence that leads to the impossibility of his evolutionary view, he wants only his interpretation of the scientific data to be made available to the minds of the public.  

     

    Miller: Let’s start with what Schonborn got right. The Catholic Church has always opposed any view of life that would exclude the notion of divine purpose. As the Catechism says, scientific studies of “the age and development of the cosmos, the development of life-forms and the appearance of man...invite us to even greater admiration for the greatness of the Creator.” Indeed they do.

    But Schonborn’s assertion that the theory of evolution is inherently anti-God is simply wrong. Consider these words from George Gaylord Simpson, widely recognized as one of the principal architects of the neo-Darwinian synthesis:

     

    The process (of evolution) is wholly natural in its operation. This natural process achieves the aspect of purpose without the intervention of a purposer; and it has produced a vast plan without the concurrent action of a planner. It may be that the initiation of the process and the physical laws under which it functions had a purpose and that this mechanistic way of achieving a plan is the instrument of a Planner - of this still deeper problem the scientist, as scientist, cannot speak.

     

    Exactly. Science is, just as Pope John Paul II said, silent on the issue of ultimate purpose. This means that biological evolution, correctly understood, does not address what Simpson called the “deeper problem,” leaving that issue, quite properly, to faith.

     

    Response: Miller’s his attempt to compartmentalize the debate into one of faith versus science is precisely what an atheist such as Stephen Gould has proposed. The reason is simple: Gould does not want any authority higher than himself to tell him how to interpret the scientific evidence. A dramatic example of how Gould’s (and Miller’s) prejudices drive their viewpoint is clearly noted in the fact that Gould (as he admitted) has not found any intermediate fossils (e.g., fossils between a bird and an amphibian or between a dinosaur and a bird). He, if he wants to be a scientist who examines evidence impartially, can conclude one of two things:

     

    (a)    he cannot find no intermediate fossils simply because there are no intermediate fossils in existence,

     

    or

    (b)   the intermediate forms appeared but decayed so fast that they left no trace of their existence.

     

    Not surprisingly, Gould chose (b) as his “scientific” answer. One would have to agree, however, that option (a) is also a viable and logical scientific answer, even if one disagreed with option (a). In other words, one cannot discount option (a) on the basis that it is “unscientific” and conclude that (b) is the only scientific answer. But this is precisely what the Goulds and the Millers of evolutionary science do. They refuse to consider option (a) as a possibility. Yet Miller has a problem, because he cannot refuse option (a) on the basis that it is unscientific. Miller knows that if he allows someone to conclude on a scientific basis that there are no intermediate fossil because such fossils, scientifically speaking, never existed in the first place, then evolution can never claim any superiority over creationism. Consequently, Miller will do his best to label those who chose option (a) as the “enemies of science.”

    In the area of cosmogony, science and faith cannot be divorced for the simple fact that none of us were there at the beginning to see the “scientific evidence” of how the universe came into being. If Miller wants to examine a paramecium and divide it into its constituent parts for his biology class, we commend him. He might be able to do so without invoking the name of God, if he so chooses. But when the discussion involves the origin of the universe and its animal species, Miller departs from his expertise, not only because he can make no absolute claims to being present at the beginning of the universe and witness the mechanisms employed at that time, but because he has no scientific proof that one species can evolve into another species.

    Miller may retort that he can examine today’s scientific evidence and, more or less, work backwards in time and theorize that a paramecium had to develop from some primitive and distinct species of one-celled creatures. Granted, he may theorize all he wants, but he doesn’t have any proof he is correct. Without any solid proof, Miller’s view is no better than Fred Hoyle’s view, who, seeing the difficulty of how non-life can evolve into life, posits that aliens from space deposited their seeds upon Earth millions of years ago. Miller’s view is no more plausible than if I concluded on a scientific basis that, since there is no evidence of species-to-species transformation, and no evidence of intermediary forms between species, then all indications show there is no evolutionary process. In fact, my conclusion would have more scientific basis than both Miller and Hoyle because science, as we still know it today, does not allow something to come from nothing, unless, of course, Dr. Miller can show proof how a species acquires the genes to advance to the next species. Scientifically speaking, if I know there is no scientific evidence for a certain theory, science allows me to give scientific reasons for the lack thereof. Hence, if I say that science itself leads me to the inevitable conclusion that a Supreme Being placed the various species on Earth whole and intact, that is just as viable a scientific conclusion as Miller’s.

    The sad fact is, however, Miller will not support my decision to have such a scientific opinion for my evidence. Why? Because it invokes the name of God. Since Miller has already decided that any appeal to God is “not scientific,” he then labels those who resort to God as “enemies of science.” Even if it can be shown that an appeal to God is just as much a “scientific answer” as the blind chance of evolutionary theory; and even if it can be shown from science that complex beings cannot be produced from blind chance, Miller and his like-minded colleagues will not allow that option to be taught at Brown University. But Science deals in logic and facts, does it not? So what is more logical and factual than concluding there are no intermediary fossil forms because intermediary forms do not exist?

    Here’s a typical example of the kind of obstinate blindness that Miller and his colleagues bring to the discussion. Dr. Axe of the Biologic Institute studied a protein called penicillinase. This protein allows bacteria to survive when they are exposed to penicillin. Penicillinase is made up of a strand of amino acids folded into a shape that binds to penicillin and disables it. Success depends on whether the protein folds up in the right way. Dr. Axe computed the probability of this protein coming into existence ahead of all other possible proteins. It was 1077 against such a possibility. In other words, there was no chance it could have happened by chance. So what does Kenneth Miller do with this astounding evidence? He says that Dr. Axe did not look at penicillinase “the way evolution looks at the protein.” In effect, Miller has shown us the presupposition with which he, and all evolutionists, base their views. Evolution is the sifter through which all analysis must pass before it is accepted. Miller further stated that a small number of mutations, sometimes just one, can change the function of a protein, allowing it to diverge along new evolutionary paths, yet without the slightest proof to his assertion and with the knowledge that 99% of mutations are harmful and thus would impede evolution into higher forms.

    The task for Miller, of course, is to show convincing evidence that mutations provide beneficial changes; changes that result in an upward progression of the species; changes that can form the genes in the DNA so that the next specimen in line can pass it on to their offspring. Has Miller found any evidence of these changes coming from mutations? No, none at all. In virtually every mutation, whether from natural or artificial means, it results in the deterioration or death of the biological specimen or an abnormality that is simply not useful. A few years ago evolutionary scientists were so proud of themselves when they caused a mutation in a fruit fly by bombarding it with radiation that gave it four wings instead of two. This was touted as proof that mutations support evolutionary theory. What they didn’t tell the public was that the second pair of wings was totally dysfunctional. It would be akin to stitching a human leg to your shoulder and declaring that you now have better mobility than humans with just two legs. This is the world of Professor Kenneth Miller – a hope against hope that evolution will find an answer to things that it now finds impossible to answer.

     

    Miller: The cardinal’s second error was to enter American politics by supporting the “intelligent-design” movement. This movement seeks to short-circuit science by applying political pressure at state and local levels, and the cardinal’s misrepresentation of evolution will only further a growing entanglement between church and state. He seems not to understand that the neo-creationists of “intelligent design,” unlike Popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI, argue against evolution on every level, asserting that a “designer” has repeatedly intervened to subvert the laws of nature.

     

    Response: Miller’s ploy here is to make it appear that anyone who is advocating Intelligent Design is doing so merely for political reasons. The truth is that some Creationists felt the need to lower their standards and take the “intelligent design” approach because no one, including Ken Miller, wanted to hear the word “God” or “supreme designer” in an anti-evolution position. The Creationists decided to appeal to a person’s common sense by means of the “intelligent design” argument (e.g., a bombardier beetle cannot evolve; it must be designed by an intelligent entity) just to get a foot in the door in the ongoing debate. Of course, Miller simply cannot allow that to happen, for he knows that once the intelligent designers are in the debate, evolution will be exposed for the myth that it is. The guardians at the gate of knowledge have no sympathy for rival theories. As evolutionist Richard Lewontin says:

     

    We take the side of science in spite of the patent absurdity of some of its constructs, in spite of its failure to fulfill many of its extravagant promises of health and life, in spite of the tolerance of the scientific community for unsubstantiated just-so stories, because we have a prior commitment, a commitment to materialism. It is not that the methods and institutions of science somehow compel us to accept a material explanation of the phenomenal world, but, on the contrary, that we are forced by our a priori adherence to material causes to create an apparatus of investigation and a set of concept that produce material explanations, no matter how counterintuitive, no matter how mystifying to the uninitiated. Moreover, that materialism is absolute, for we cannot allow a Divine Foot in the door.[1]

     

    The evolutionist conspiracy against Intelligent Design was no better confirmed than in the case of Richard von Sternberg. Von Sternberg holds two Ph.D.s in evolutionary biology and thus we could say he is as qualified, and perhaps even more so, than Kenneth Miller to comment on whether evolution has the answer. In 2000 von Sternberg won a prestigious appointment as a research associate at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington DC. But von Sternberg was vilified by his colleagues for suggesting that Intelligent Design is a viable cosmogony. An article in the Washington Post by Michael Powell reveals:

     

    Evolutionary biologist Richard Sternberg made a fateful decision a year ago. As editor of the hitherto obscure Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, Sternberg decided to publish a paper making the case for “intelligent design,” a controversial theory that holds that the machinery of life is so complex as to require the hand – subtle or not – of an intelligent creator. Within hours of publication, senior scientists at the Smithsonian Institution -- which has helped fund and run the journal – lashed out at Sternberg as a shoddy scientist and a closet Bible thumper. “They were saying I accepted money under the table, that I was a crypto-priest, that I was a sleeper cell operative for the creationists,” said Steinberg, 42, who is a Smithsonian research associate. “I was basically run out of there.” An independent agency has come to the same conclusion, accusing top scientists at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History of retaliating against Sternberg by investigating his religion and smearing him as a “creationist.” The U.S. Office of Special Counsel, which was established to protect federal employees from reprisals, examined e-mail traffic from these scientists and noted that “retaliation came in many forms…. misinformation was disseminated through the Smithsonian Institution and to outside sources. The allegations against you were later determined to be false.” “The rumor mill became so infected,” James McVay, the principal legal adviser in the Office of Special Counsel, wrote to Sternberg, “that one of your colleagues had to circulate [your résumé] simply to dispel the rumor that you were not a scientist.” The Washington Post and two other media outlets obtained a copy of the still-private report. McVay, who is a political appointee of the Bush administration, acknowledged in the report that a fuller response from the Smithsonian might have tempered his conclusions. As Sternberg is not a Smithsonian employee – the National Institutes of Health pays his salary – the special counsel lacks the power to impose a legal remedy. A spokeswoman for the Smithsonian Institution declined comment, noting that it has not received McVay’s report.[2]

     

    Undoubtedly, the above reprisals against von Sternberg are spawned from the same lake the led Miller to repudiate the views of Cardinal Schönborn and the Intelligent Design community. These are certified members of the thought-police who will brand their own peer-reviewed Ph.D. biological academicians as “enemies of science” merely because they suggest that the complexity and diversity of life on earth cannot be explained by the operation of random processes alone.

    But let’s analyze Miller’s thesis a little more closely. Above he writes: “He seems not to understand that the neo-creationists of “intelligent design,” unlike Popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI, argue against evolution on every level, asserting that a “designer” has repeatedly intervened to subvert the laws of nature.” Miller has a fallacious concept of the Intelligent Design (ID) movement. ID does not say that God “has repeatedly intervened to subvert the laws of nature.” ID merely asserts that, since there exists obvious design in the universe, the universe cannot be a product of blind chance. A designer must have designed it. All three branches of Christian science (Theistic Evolution, Progressive Creationism and Six-Day Creationism) believe in the ID premise, but only one of them, Progressive Creationism, says that God intervenes to direct the course of nature. But it makes that particular claim because it knows from scientific knowledge that without God’s intervention the possibility of having the creation complete its task is virtually zero, since blind chance cannot produce complex organisms. Miller will not even support Theistic Evolution, since Miller wants random chance to rule every aspect of evolution. In Miller’s view, God created random chance, not design. What appears to us as design is merely the fortuitous result of random chance. Of course, the only problem for Miller is providing a convincing experiment, or even an analogy from life, which demonstrates that design comes from random chance. So far, Miller has not provided any such evidence, save for the imaginations of his own mind. 

     

    Miller: This view stands in sharp contradiction to a 2004 International Theological Commission document approved by Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, now Pope Benedict. This document carries a ringing endorsement of the “widely accepted scientific account” of life’s emergence and evolution; describes the descent of all forms of life from a common ancestor as “virtually certain,” and echoes John Paul’s observation of the “mounting support” for evolution from many fields of study.

     

    Response: Apparently, Miller believes that merely because a large number of atheistic and agnostics scientists have generated a consensus that man came from apes, and merely because he can find a group of liberal theologians who have long since abandoned their trust in Scripture, then the court of popular opinion should suffice to silence any challengers to the status quo. Interestingly enough, two years after Stephen Gould and Niles Eldredge admitted to a worldwide audience of evolutionists in 1970 that they couldn’t find any evidence of intermediate fossils to support Evolution and thus had to opt for “punctuated equilibrium,” the Pontifical Academy of Science said that evidence for evolution was beyond dispute! There was stunned silence in the auditorium when Gould asked his evolutionary colleagues at the 1970 Chicago symposium whether any scientist in the audience had found any evidence of transitional forms. No one raised a hand. If evolution were true, we would expect to see thousands of such specimens, but they can’t even find one. Yet Miller asserts that he has “virtually certain” evidence, nonetheless.

    Ideology rules the world of evolutionary thinkers. Recently I asked Miller to have a formal debate with me on the subject of evolution. His answer was: “Sorry, but I am much too busy with other duties to debate questions…that have long been settled scientifically. Even the most ardent opponents of evolution realize that ‘creationism’ is not compatible with scientific data…” When I took him to task in a return email for being close-minded, he changed his answer, saying that he debates on a “case-by-case” basis. But, of course, that is not what he stated in his original reply, which made it clear that Kenneth Miller is an avowed evolutionist and will no longer listen to anyone with an opposing viewpoint, based on his own “scientific data.” As I noted earlier, it is not the “scientific data” that is the problem. We have plenty of that on both sides of the isle. The problem is the interpretation of the data. The bottom line is that Miller and his academic colleagues will not allow alternate interpretations of the scientific data into the universities and secondary schools of our land. Scientific views that are opposed to evolution are completely censored from academic curriculums.

     

    Miller: More important, the document makes a critical statement on how to interpret scientific studies of the complexity of life: “(W)hether the available data support inferences of design or chance...cannot be settled by theology.”

     

    Response: The truth is, it cannot be settled by science, either. No one was there when it all began, and no one has seen evolution take place today. As we noted above in the die-hard views of evolutionist Richard Lewontin, evolutionists cling to evolution and allow no other option because modern science has decided that any theory that depends on God for any part of the evolutionary process is not to be considered “science.” If the theory has any reference to God, it is summarily dismissed, for as Lewontin says, “we cannot allow a Divine foot in the door.” Evolutionists take this stance despite the fact that they have no indisputable proof of their theory.

     

    Miller: But it is important to note that, according to the Catholic understanding of divine causality, “true contingency” – that is, dependence upon chance – “in the created order is not incompatible with a purposeful divine providence.” Right there, in plain view, is the essence of compatibility between evolution and Catholic theology. “Contingency in the created order,” the very heart of evolution, is not at all incompatible with the will of God.

     

    Response: Miller is comparing apples and oranges. Merely because God created a universe that allows contingency[3] does not prove or even suggest that an evolutionary process took place in the universe. Rolling dice on a Vegas card table is one thing, but producing dozens of amino acids in proper sequence to have biological life is quite another. The “chances” of getting a winning roll on the former are at least respectable, but the chance of getting the proper sequence in the latter is virtually zero. If Miller were seeking to be a genuine scientist, he would acknowledge that, scientifically speaking, it is impossible to produce complex organisms by chance. Anyone who places his hope in chance as the creator of all that we see simply cannot be living in reality and is depending irrational mysticism, not science.  

     

    Miller: The church document re-emphasizes this point by stating that “even the outcome of a truly contingent natural process can nonetheless fall within God’s providential plan for creation.” And evolution, as scientist Stephen Jay Gould emphasized, is truly a contingent natural process.

     

    Response: Here Miller admits to us that one of his mentors is the atheist and anti-Christian, Stephen Gould. Gould writes in his book “Rocks of Ages”[4] that the Church has no official say in the conclusions of science. They are totally separate entities that cannot overlap. Gould coined the acronym NOMA for this purpose, which stands for Non Overlapping Magisteria. Gould would be appalled at Miller’s attempt to mix religion and science.

    Irrespective of Miller’s misplaced praise of Gould, the truth is, everything in creation “falls within God’s providential plan,” contingent or non-contingent. As St. Thomas Aquinas put it: “The effect of divine providence is not only that things should happen somehow, but that they should happen either by necessity or by contingency. Therefore, whatsoever divine providence ordains to happen infallibly and of necessity happens infallibly and of necessity; and that happens from contingency, which the divine providence conceives to happen from contingency.”[5] But how does this even begin to provide “virtually certain” evidence for evolution? In reality, it shows how Kenneth Miller chooses only those theological concepts that will provide him a veneer of justification for his views that otherwise bar God from being a factor in his evolutionary conclusions. Miller seems to have no problem calling on God when its suits his agenda (the need for God to allow chance events), yet he dismisses God from the equation when Intelligent Designers insist that the creation screams of design, not chance. Miller’s God apparently deals only in chance.

     

    Miller: The concerns of Pope Benedict, as expressed in his earlier writings, are not with evolution per se, but with how evolution is to be understood in our modern world. Biological evolution fits neatly into a traditional Catholic understanding of how contingent natural processes can be seen as part of God’s plan, while “evolutionist” philosophies that deny the divine do not.

     

    Response: Miller says: “Biological evolution fits neatly into a traditional Catholic understanding of how contingent natural processes can be seen as part of God’s plan.” But the tradition of the Church denied the world was the result of an evolutionary process. The traditional Church was in direct opposition to the Greeks who were advocating a theory of evolution long before Charles Darwin came on the scene. Darwin merely gave the full-blown version of evolution. The only matter with which the Fathers and the medievals struggled was whether God made the universe in six days or one day. It wasn’t until Catholics became liberal in their theology in the late 1800s that they started to entertain unsupported scientific theories, such as Darwin’s. Ironically, Darwin was the very person who said that, unless transitional forms could be found, his theory was false. It is logical to assume, then, that Darwin would be appalled at the stances that evolutionists such as Kenneth Miller take today who, after 150 years of not finding any transitional forms, still cling to evolution as a “virtually certain” scientific fact.

    As for Miller’s statement that “contingent natural processes can be seen as part of God’s plan,” that’s always been the case, in every avenue of God’s domain (1 Samuel 23:1-14), but how does that give “virtually certain” evidence of evolution? Creation in six days also had its contingent natural processes. When God created birds with wings on the fifth day, they flew by flapping those wings under the Bernoulli principle of air pressure. If the bird stopped flapping its wings it would either fall or come to rest on a branch. That’s real contingency. When God divided the waters on the second day, the water remaining on earth assumed the shape of its container, the ocean basin. The sun gave light because its photons were sent out from its photosphere toward the earth, and those photons hit different places on the earth depending on the position of the globe. Even in the case of Adam contingency is true: if he obeyed God there would be no curse; if he disobeyed there would be a curse. Yes, there is real contingency at work in all these cases, and many more. But contingency says absolutely nothing about evolution. It is merely Miller’s scientific opportunism at work, making it appear as if everything is the result of contingency instead of design, and then concluding that this arbitrarily weighted equation gives evolution a “virtually certain” status. Evolution must produce its own convincing evidence, not ride on the bootstraps of theological contingencies that apply to Creationism as much or better then Evolution.

     

    Miller: Three popes, beginning with Pius XII, have now made this clear. John Paul’s 1996 letter to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences bore the magnificent title “Truth Cannot Contradict Truth.” Writing in the tradition of Augustine and Aquinas, the late pope affirmed the church’s twin commitments to scientific rationality and to an overarching spiritual view of the ultimate meaning and purpose of life.

     

    Response: This doesn’t prove anything for Miller. Granted, John Paul II said that “truth cannot contradict truth.” Creationists say the same, as does anyone else with common sense. But how does that show “virtually certain” evidence for evolution? John Paul also said in the same speech that a theory without proof is just a theory, and that leaves Kenneth Miller as a mere theorist in the judgment of John Paul II.

     

    Miller: Like many other scientists who hold the Catholic faith, I see the Creator’s plan and purpose fulfilled in our universe. I see a planet bursting with evolutionary possibilities – a continuing creation, in which the divine providence is manifest in every living thing. I see a science that tells us there is indeed a design to life. And the name of that design is evolution.

     

    Response: Our interest is not in “evolutionary possibilities.” We are interested in the cold, hard facts of science. The truth of the matter is this: science is Ken Miller’s worst enemy, because the science of which we are certain won’t allow blind chance to produce complex organisms. If Miller wants to take the theistic evolutionist route and claim that God programmed an evolutionary process, then he is required to show what evidence he has of that assertion, as well as showing on what basis he can now switch from science to theology. Genesis certainly doesn’t speak of such a process. In the end, it is Kenneth Miller who is the “enemy of science,” because he won’t let real science show the flaws and fallacies of evolution.

     



    [1] “Billions and Billions of Demons,” The New York Review of Books, January 9, 1997, pp. 28, 31.

    [2] Friday, August 19, 2005.

    [3] E.g., Aquinas says: “God knows some things contingently” (De Veritate, Q. 2. A. 12c).

    [4] Rocks of Ages: Science and Religion in the Fulness of Life, New York, Ballentine Publishing, 1999.

    [5] Summa Theologica, I, 22,4 ad 1.

    ___________

     

    Thanks for the response. You have no real idea how much little guys like me need the big guns like yourself. There's no way I would be able to take on Miller. That's one of the really cool thing about you knowing your science.

     

    Damien

  • Question 177 - On Nostrae Aetate, par. 3

    Question 177 - On Nostrae Aetate, par. 3

     

    But Robert, their teaching is very similar to saying that we have to reverence rap because, even though it is horrible, sometimes it uses melody and maybe a base line. I could not for the life of me say that I like rap. But what Vatican II seems to be saying is that I have to reverence it all because every now and then they might play a chord or something. It's just way to wishy washy. Seriously, this reverence is described as a kind of blanket reverence. It has no limits. It's like saying that we reverence their whole way of conduct--differences and all. 

     

    R. Sungenis. First, I don't see any "blanket" call to reverence them. The very phrase "ray of truth" implies only a portion of the entity has truth, since a "ray" is only one part of the light from the sun. Second, Scripture does not talk about implanting divine laws in rap music. It only talks about implanting divine laws in mankind, so rap music is excluded from the discussion. If from that implanting, the man produces some "rays" of morality, then we reverence them for that contribution. It does not mean we reverence everything the man does. Vatican II has many statements that show we are to deplore the evil that comes from man. Third, you need to think seriously about how you are seeking to pigeonhole Vatican II or Nostra Aetate into being erroneous or viewing them in the worst possible light. After all, this is an ecumenical council of all the world's bishops of which the pope signed a statement saying it was authentic Catholic teaching. Unless proven wrong on some point by the Magisterium itself, we are to accept it; respect it; give it the benefit of the doubt; look at it in the best light possible; and only raise our questions and doubts about it within the parameters given to us in Canon 212: 2-3. The way for more traditionally-minded people to deal with Vatican II is to take it as their own and interpret in the light of tradition, what is understood as the "hermeneutic of continuity." The absolutely wrong way to deal with Vatican II is to reject it and claim that it is full of errors and that the Church should ignore it. Traditionalists who do this are only showing contempt for the Church and the Holy Spirit that guided its bishops to produce the 16 documents of Vatican II.

  • Question 176 - On Nostrae Aetate, par. 2

    Question 176 - On Nostrae Aetate, par. 2

     

    Dear Robert,

     

    I'd love to know how you might explain this section of Nosrae Aetate. We are told that the Church,

     

    "regards with sincere reverence those ways of conduct and of life, those precepts and teachings which, though differing in many aspects from the ones she holds and sets forth, nonetheless often reflect a ray of that Truth which enlightens all men” (NA 2, emphasis added).

     

    It is hard for me to reason (from this paragraph) that only that “ray of Truth” be “sincerely revered.”

     

    Since these ways of life "often" reflect a ray of the Truth, then by the same token, it has to be true that these ways of life "often" do not relfect that ray.

     

    But NA doesnt' say that we have to reverence these ways of life "because" they often reflect a ray of that Truth, but said we must reverence them "which" often reflect that ray of Truth, which as I said does not rule out the fact that these ways of life don't reflect that ray of Truth.

     

    Would love to know your thoughts on this when you get (if you ever get) a chance,

     

    Thanks,

     

    Damien

     

    R. Sungenis: I don't think it makes much difference if "because" or "which" is used, since they both point in the same direction. Nostra Aetate is saying that the Catholic Church recognizes that all men are instilled with the knowledge of God (Romans 1:18-20) and have the laws of God written on their heart (i.e., consciences) as Romans 2:14-15 teaches. Hence, the "rays of truth" these men have are things like knowing it is wrong to murder, lie, cheat, steal and commit adultery, among many other things. It is these moral truths that we "reverence" as Catholics because ultimately they stem from God's divine law. When men obey these laws, they are "reflecting the ray of truth" that God is the divine lawgiver and that He has implanted the knowledge of those laws on man's conscience. This is precisely why Romans 1:20 says that no one will have an excuse on Judgment Day, for the knowledge of God and his laws have been made very "plain" to them.

  • Question 175 - What will Purgatory be like?

    Question 175 - What will Purgatory be like?

    Dear Robert,

    I’m a little puzzled about Purgatory. I read some old books on Purgatory and they make it sound like a terrible place, almost equal to hell, except that it doesn’t last as long. Then I read more modern books and they seem to treat Purgatory as just a stage we pass through on our way to heaven. How can these be reconciled?

    John D.

    R. Sungenis: John, the truth is, we don’t know what Purgatory is going to be like. The Church has received no revelation on its specific character, and there is no detailed information in the Bible. All we know is that it will be a time of purgation and punishment for unconfessed venial sins.

    But there is another factor we, as Catholics, should consider. Here it is: Good Catholics have no excuse for going to Purgatory. If they are really pay attention to their Catholic faith and take advantage of all the Indulgences that are continually being made available to escape any and all punishment in Purgatory, then it stands to reason that no good Catholic should go to Purgatory. If they do, then it’s their own fault for not taking advantage of the graces God has given us. The Church has given us a multitudinous array of penances and prayers we can do in order to get a plenary Indulgence. They are just dripping, waiting for us to gather them up. So, don’t worry about Purgatory. Spend your time taking advantage of the Indulgences God gives us through the Church.

     

  • Question 174 - Are Spouses Supposed to Submit to Each Other?

    Question 174 - Are Spouses Supposed to Submit to Each Other?

    Robert,

    I’m having a little difficulty understanding the relationship between me and my wife. Is she is supposed to be in submission to me or are we supposed to be in mutual submission? I think I remember John Paul II saying that it was mutual submission. What is the truth of this matter?

    John D.

    R. Sungenis: John, there are actually two answers to this question. On a practical level, husband and wife are, or should be, in mutual submission to one another. For example, if the wife asks the husband to take out the garbage, he is not to say, “Well, dear, you are in submission to me, so I shouldn’t be doing any of these menial tasks. I have the right to refuse your requests.” Obviously, this isn’t a very good marriage and it is doomed to failure. Husbands should always be willing to humble themselves and serve their wives; and wives should do the same for their husbands. That is the “mutual submission” I believe John Paul II was speaking about. He was concerned about neutralizing the macho image of men that many cultures have, especially the Spanish and Mexican cultures. Women are considered as chattel servants, while the men enjoy their leisure and treat the women as second class citizens.

    On the other hand, as there is a practical answer to this question, there is also a legal answer. From the legal perspective, the wife is certainly in submission to her husband, and there is no “mutual submission” in the legal realm. (But John Paul II was not speaking about the legal perspective in his encyclical, Mulieris Dignitatem). In the legal framework, there must be the final decision maker; the one who takes the ultimate legal responsibility for the welfare and position of the family. That is the husband, not the wife. The wife, although she may give her input and discuss these things with her husband, is to submit her will to the husband who has the responsibility to make the final decision before God, the Church and society.

  • Question 172 - Geocentrism Part 2

    Question 172 - Geocentrism Part 2

    >  I can only say that you don’t know your Catholic faith as well as you think you do. Perhaps it is you who “thought he was a Catholic” but isn’t? Was it not the Catholics, not non-Catholics, who, early in their history, decided to interpret Matthew 26:26 (“This is my body”) so literally

     

    MR: Not all the Bible is intended to be taken literally.  I thought you knew this.  How can you have written such excellent apologetics books and not understand this basic tenet if Biblical study?  It truly baffles me, as Not By Scripture Alone has an imprimatur, so at least at some point, the Church recognized your work as orthodox.

     

    RS: Yes, not all the Bible is to be taken literally. For example, God does not have human body parts, so when we read passages that characterize God with body parts we know to interpret these figuratively. But this is because the Church has ALWAYS taught us to interpret such passages anthropomorphically.

     

    But Scripture’s cosmological passages don’t fit this mandate, since the Church has ALWAYS interpreted them literally. That is why the Fathers, the medievals, the popes, the catechisms, the councils have all officially supported geocentrism; and it is the very reason that there is no official teaching of the Catholic Church either supporting heliocentrism as fact or denying geocentrism.

     

    The Catholic Church has held, since its origin, that the FIRST and REQUIRED interpretation is the literal, and we are only to abandon the literal if there is a good reason to do so. As Pope Leo XIII said: “provided he carefully observes the rule so wisely laid down by St. Augustine – not to depart from the literal and obvious sense, except only where reason makes it untenable or necessity requires; a rule to which it is the more necessary to adhere strictly in these times, when the thirst for novelty and unrestrained freedom of thought make the danger of error most real and proximate” (Prov. Deus).

     

    The only possible and legitimate reason to abandon a literal interpretation of the cosmological passages is if science has PROVEN that heliocentrism is the only possible system and that geocentrism is impossible. They haven’t done so, not even close. In fact, more scientific evidence points to geocentrism than heliocentrism.

     

    MR: Does your book on geocentric theory have an imprimatur.

     

    RS: An imprimatur for Galileo Was Wrong was initially pursued, but the censor librorum said that the book had too much science in it to be considered for an imprimatur. That is understandable, since the Church is not required to sift through scientific data.

     

    MR: Given your last e-mail, I must assume, then, that you also believe the story of Adam and Eve is literal truth, as is the story of Noah and the ark and that all of life today is descended from what was sent on a boat. Do you believe the Earth is only a few thousand years old? 

     

    RS: So what’s harder to believe, Mike: that a wafer that looks like bread (but isn’t) is actually God, or that God created two people, Adam and Eve, to start the human race instead of having man evolve from an ape? Take your pick. Catholicism is full of such hard-to-believe facts. If popular science is the criterion by which you judge whether Scripture can be interpreted literally, well, popular science says transubstantiation is impossible, so why do you believe it, Mike? By the same token, modern science says geocentrism is viable and possible, so why don't you believe it? 

     

    MR:  I'd love to hear your literal interpretation of Revelation.  If you take the entirety of sacred scripture as literal truth, then you must accept these as well.  Based on your book regarding sola scriptura, you seem to have an excellent understanding of the New Testament and an understanding of context, but Catholics do not believe in a literal interpretation of EVERYTHING therein.  We never have.

     

    RS: Correct, as I stated above, but there must be good and sufficient reason for interpreting Scripture non-literally, otherwise, we wouldn’t have the Eucharist today. Fair enough? As for Revelation, I wrote a 600-page book about it, and I'm pretty sure you would love it. No, I don’t take it literally, at least not most of it. But that is because the language is obviously symbolic (e.g., a beast with seven heads and ten horns; a beast that spews out spirits that look like frogs, etc.), and the Church, throughout her history, has understood Revelation as symbolic.  

     

    >  So, since you decided to enter this fray, I’m going to throw out a challenge to you, Mike. Give me your full name and address and I’ll send you my books on geocentrism free of charge, if you promise to read them with diligence and an open-mind.

     

    MR: Fair enough.  I am curious, but in principle will admit I refused to pay for such books as a matter of principle just as I have done with those of Dan Brown, Dawkins and others who I have no desire to give any hard-earned money to because I considered their works offensive, either to my faith or my reason (or both) and unworthy of my time.  However, if you will send me copies for free, it seems I have no reasonable reason to refuse your challenge.  

     

    RS: Wonderful, Mike!

     

    MR: Out of curiosity, does this book have an imprimatur?  Does the Vatican have an opinion about it?  If it were purely a scientific work, I wouldn't ask, as it wouldn't really be applicable, but given your statements and the way it's presented on CAI's website, it seems you are billing it as more than that.  Of course, I won't know until I read it.

     

    RS: The Vatican has made no official “opinion” about it, but a few unofficial opinions, which are basically neutral. You’ll read about these in Volume 2 of Galileo Was Wrong.

     

    MR: I will be particularly interested in how you refute the results of the Michelson-Morley experiment, or why it hasn't or can't be redone in some way, because it seems that would settle things fairly easily and quickly.

     

    RS: We have about 300 pages on the Michelson-Morley experiment. What you will find, Mike, is that MM showed the earth was standing still in space because there wasn’t enough ether resistance to account for an earth going 18.5 miles per second. This is what the quotes at the end of the article I sent you are referring to. (But there was enough resistance to account for an ether resistance equal to a universe rotating around a fixed earth). Hence, in order to escape the results of MM and hold the human race from going back to medieval times, someone had to invent a whole new physics. Einstein did so. Instead of accepting the fixed earth that classical science was showing us, Einstein turned physics upside down. But in doing so, he created other problems, such as unexplained length contractions, time dilations, and mass increases, which result in such things as the Twin Paradox (which no one has ever solved); and many other anomalies you will read about.

     

    I will be sending the Galileo Was Wrong volumes by email in a PDF. Do you have enough room from your email server to hold them?

     

    Incidentally, in your last letter you inquired about ether, but I failed to answer. Here is an excerpt from GWW Vol. 1 on modern day ether.

     

    But Didn’t Science Prove that Ether Doesn’t Exist?

     

    Although a little more esoteric to this debate, nevertheless, there is a common objection that often stems from Albert Einstein’s interpretation of the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment. Since the Michelson-Morley experiment assumed the Earth was moving, yet their apparatus could not detect any such movement against what was then understood as “ether,” Einstein concluded that ether did not exist, that is, space is empty; it is a vacuum that does not contain any substance at all. But most scientists today have rejected Einstein’s view and have come to realize that space does, indeed, have substance, and one that reaches to the outer limits of the universe. The days of negating a scientific theory based on its belief in ether are over. As even the Relativist (and 1998 Nobel physics laureate) Robert B. Laughlin admits:

     

    It is ironic that Einstein’s most creative work, the general theory of relativity, should boil down to conceptualizing space as a medium when his original premise was that no such medium existed…. Einstein… utterly rejected the idea of ether and inferred from its nonexistence that the equations of electromagnetism had to be relative. But this same thought process led in the end to the very ether he had first rejected, albeit one with some special properties that ordinary elastic matter does not have. The word “ether” has extremely negative connotations in theoretical physics because of its past association with opposition to relativity. This is unfortunate because, stripped of these connotations, it rather nicely captures the way most physicists actually think about the vacuum.

                     

    In the early days of relativity the conviction that light must be waves of something ran so strong that Einstein was widely dismissed. Even when Michelson and Morley demonstrated that the earth’s orbital motion through the ether could not be detected, opponents argued that the earth must be dragging an envelope of ether along with it because relativity was lunacy and could not possibly be right…. Relativity actually says nothing about the existence or nonexistence of matter pervading the universe, only that such matter must have relativistic symmetry.

     

    And he concludes with this important paragraph:

     

    It turns out that such matter exists. About the time relativity was becoming accepted, studies of radioactivity began showing that the empty vacuum of space had spectroscopic structure similar to that of ordinary quantum solids and fluids. Subsequent studies with large particle accelerators have now led us to understand that space is more like a piece of window glass than ideal Newtonian emptiness. It is filled with “stuff” that is normally transparent but can be made visible by hitting it sufficiently hard to knock out a part. The modern concept of the vacuum of space, confirmed every day by experiment, is a relativistic ether. But we do not call it this because it is taboo.[1]

     

    We cite Laughlin knowing full well that in his frequent use of the word “relativistic” he, nevertheless, believes the Earth revolves around the sun, and most likely has never given any particular consideration to a geocentric universe. In any case, his expertise is valuable for this debate since: (a) ether is a constituent part of the geocentric universe, and (b) despite Relativity’s initial rejection of ether, Laughlin is quite candid that Quantum Mechanics has sufficiently demonstrated ether’s existence to the once skeptical Einstein audience. Unfortunately, Laughlin is not so candid regarding the fact that Relativity and Quantum Mechanics are diametrically opposed to one another. We will cover the issue of ether, Relativity, and Quantum Mechanics in more detail in later chapters.

    Even among Einstein’s supporters the understanding that space is filled with substance was never relinquished. Louis de Broglie (d. 1987), the Nobel laureate famous for his discovery of the electron’s wave in the 1920s, wrote in 1971 that the concept of ether, or as he calls it “the hidden medium,” needed to be revived. Critiquing the model of space proposed by Erwin Schrödinger in 1926, de Broglie longs for the days of fixed points reminiscent of Descartes’ Cartesian axes and Newton’s absolute space:

     

    Everything becomes clear if the idea that particles always have a position in space through time is brought back…. According to my current thinking, the particle is always located within a physical wave….The movement of the particle is assumed to be the superposition of a regular movement… and of a Brownian movement due to random energy exchanges which take place between the wave and a hidden medium, which acts as a subquantum thermostat. The point of prime importance in this model is that at each moment the particle occupies a well-defined position in space, and this re-establishes the clear meaning which the configuration space had in classical mechanics.”[2]

     

    Even Albert Einstein eventually succumbed to the need for some type of ether. In 1916 he wrote: 

     

    …in 1905 I was of the opinion that it was no longer allowed to speak about the ether in physics. This opinion, however, was too radical, as we will see later when we discuss the general theory of relativity. It does remain allowed, as always, to introduce a medium filling all space and to assume that the electromagnetic fields (and matter as well) are its states…once again “empty” space appears as endowed with physical properties, i.e., no longer as physically empty, as seemed to be the case according to special relativity. One can thus say that the ether is resurrected in the general theory of relativity….Since in the new theory, metric facts can no longer be separated from “true” physical facts, the concepts of “space” and “ether” merge together.[3]

     

    Ludwik Kostro, whose book Einstein and the Ether has revealed the heretofore undisclosed history of ether science in the twentieth century, states the following candid conclusion:

     

    Modern science has its roots in ancient Greek philosophy. This philosophy, as we know, used the word “ether” to designate the particular kind of matter that filled the universe. This term was used throughout the history of philosophy and science, and it was also current at the beginning of this century. A resumption of its use at the dawn of this new century is now a fact. Since, according to the General Theory of Relativity and other modern branches of physics, the space and time of the universe do not constitute a vacuum, but a structured material plenum characterized by different physical quantities, the historical and traditional word “ether” is the most appropriate to express these features of the universe.[4]

     

    Astrophysicist Toivo Jaakkola puts things in perspective:

     

    A few words about the gravitational ether, and the ether concept in general may be in place here. The ether hypothesis was thought to be buried by the Michelson-Morley experiment, but today it is more alive than ever, in the form of the CBR [Cosmic Background Radiation]: experiments capable of finding the ether were not possible in the 1880s, but were possible in the 1960s. In a sense, the electromagnetic ether has always been observed – as the heat of the Sun (since as pointed out, CBR is reprocessed photons)…. All the main cosmological, astrophysical and physical facts: the gravity and Olbers paradoxes, redshift effects and CBR, gravitation and radiation, and the existence of particles can be conceived in the framework of this ether concept.[5]

     

    Lastly, the authors of the book, The Philosophy of Vacuum, state:

     

    Today the vacuum is recognized as a rich physical medium….A general theory of the vacuum is thus a theory of everything, a universal theory. It would be appropriate to call the vacuum “ether” once again.[6]

     

    Later in our treatise we will find that the very ether Louis de Broglie desired offers a solution to the wave/particle conundrum that has hampered modern science since de Broglie first discovered that electrons produce waves. Any particle that moves through a medium will, indeed, create waves. In fact, a return to ether will help solve one of the most mysterious and perplexing problems in Quantum Mechanics today, the phenomenon of “entanglement” – the spooky connection between pairs of photons, electrons or atoms even though they are separated by great distances. Perhaps this was why John Stewart Bell, the inventor of Bell’s Theorem to answer the phenomenon of entanglement, stated in a BBC radio interview: “Yes, the idea that there is an ether…that is a perfectly coherent point of view.”[7]  

     

     

     

     



    [1] Robert B. Laughlin, A Different Universe: Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down, 2005, pp. 120-121. The two chapters of Laughlin’s book that deal with these issues are: “The Nuclear Family,” (pp. 99-116 and “The Fabric of Space-Time” (pp. 117-126).

     

    [2] Louis de Broglie, “Waves and Particles,” Physics Bulletin, 22, February 1971, single page. In the same article he adds: “…whereas in my original concept I assumed that the coexistence of waves and particles, perceived by Einstein in 1905 in respect of light in his theory of light quanta, should be extended to all types of particle[s] in the form of the coexistence of a physical wave with a particle incorporated in it. Moreover, Schrödinger’s ψ wave was soon to lose the nature of a physical wave on the day when Max Born put forward the hypothesis that it was a probability, and for that reason should be normalized, which is equivalent to assigning to it an arbitrary amplitude selected by the theorist. Thus, starting from a synthetic idea of the coexistence in physical space of waves and particles, a theory in which there was no longer any wave or particle was arrived at!….But as soon as Schrödinger’s works were published I was struck by the paradox involved, as indeed I had already emphasized in an article which appeared in 1928 [Selected Papers on Wave Mechanics, London: Blackie, p. 130]. For since Schrödinger gave up the idea that particles existed in physical space, they no longer have well defined coordinates and it is difficult to imagine how the configuration space can be constructed with nonexistent coordinates….It may assist in clarifying this point to recall that in classical mechanics particles are treated as a first approximation as material points which have well defined coordinates in physical space at every moment….But this representation, clear and logical though it is, loses all its meaning in a theory in which particles have no spatial position as in current quantum mechanics” (ibid).

     

    [3] Albert Einstein, “Grundgedanken und Methoden der Relativitätstheorie in ihrer Entwicklung dargestellt,” Morgan Manuscript, EA 2070, as cited in Ludwik Kostro, Einstein and the Ether, 2000, p. 2.

     

    [4] Ludwik Kostro, Einstein and the Ether, 2000, pp. 186-187.

     

    [5] “Action-at-a-Distance and Local Action in Gravitation,” in Pushing Gravity, ed., Matthew Edwards, pp. 157-159.

     

    [6] S. Saunders and H. R. Brown, editors, The Philosophy of Vacuum, 1991, p. 251.

     

    [7] Ludwik Kostro, Einstein and the Ether, p. 154, citing M. Jammer’s, “John Stewart Bell and the Debate on Significance of his Contributions to the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics,” in Bell’s Theorem and the Foundations of Modern Physics, eds. A. Van der Merwe, F. Felleri, G. Tarozzi, Singapore, 1992, p. 5; also cited in P. C. W. Davies and J. R. Brown, eds., The Ghost in the Atom, 1986, pp. 49-50.

  • Question 171 - What does "the well cultivated olive tree" refer to? Part 2

    Question 171 - What does "the well cultivated olive tree" refer to? Part 2

    Dear Robert,

    Thank you for your reply to my question. It had not occurred to me in the slightest to interpret "concluded" in the sense you explained.

    In your explanation that the sustenance refers to the Old Testament, you alerted your readers that the word "sustenance" was referring back to the previous sentence where the words "Old Testament" were to be found. I think that is the reason why I was interpreting the word "nor" as indicating that the second sentence was explicating the first.

    I am still a little confused about the "well cultivated olive tree." If the root is God or Abraham, I find it hard to believe that we are to take the well cultivated olive tree as God or Abraham also. That would be like saying that we draw sustenance from the root (which is God) of the tree (which is God also). It just doesn't flow. It is like saying I draw sustenance from the root of that well cultivated carrot, if you know what I mean.

    So, in your view, what precisely does the well cultivated olive tree refer to?

    Thank you,

    Damien

    ps. sorry if I'm not "getting what you're saying"

    R. Sungenis: Damien, actually, there is no reference to a “trunk” in the analogy Paul is using. I only added that to make the picture easier to visualize. Note verse 16 that says “If the root is holy, so also are the branches.” The trunk is skipped because it is superfluous to the analogy; and we also need to remember that Paul does not follow nature precisely. After all, how does one graft a branch onto a tree trunk? Only the tip of a leaf bud had that capability. Similarly, Paul says: “If the first piece of dough is holy, the lump is also.” The purpose is to show a cause-and-effect relationship between two entities. In essence, Abraham, and by extension Isaac and Jacob, were the “well cultivated olive tree.” This is why Abraham is featured in Romans 4 as both the father of the Gentiles and Jews. The other important thing to notice, however, is that Paul does not say “so also are all the branches” or “the whole lump is also,” since not all the Jews followed Abraham (Rom 9:6-7). It is only the remnant that followed Abraham, and only the remnant that will be saved.

  • Question 170 - Geocentrism

    Question 170 - Geocentrism

    Dr. Sungenis,,

         I have truly enjoyed and learned a lot from your excellent series 'Not By ____ Alone.'  Those are all excellent apologetics works, and I came to respect your orthodoxy and scholarly skills.  However, then I noticed you are a proponent of geocentrism, absolutely destroying your credibility.  I thought you were a Catholic, yet you seem to subscribe to a Protestant literal interpretation of certain Biblical passages.  Even worse, you use the Bible as a science book, something it was NOT intended to be.  Why?  You seem like a smart guy, but how can I now take you seriously?  Do you also believe the Earth is flat and supported on the back of an elephant?  I suppose you must believe the Moon landings were faked, as I'm not sure the 'physics' you believe in would have allowed us to get there using the calculations based on actual physics.  'Ether'?  Do you REALLY believe in the ether?  You do realize that was disproven over a century ago, right?

    Sorry for the tone, but it really bothers me when smart people fall for utterly ludicrous ideas and then proceed to embarass themselves and frequently many others as a result.

    I'm sorry if this comes off too strongly, but you are a great disappointment to me, and more importantly, you are bringing shame and mockery upon the Church you used to defend so well.  Please stop and stick with what you know - apologetics.  Your foray into 'science' reflects poorly on you, CAI, and on the Catholic Church itself.  PLEASE spend some time in prayer and meditation and give up this nonsense

    before you do further damage.

                    Mike

    R. Sungenis: Mike, after reading your letter, correct me if I’m wrong, but you seem to be the typical Catholic who gives a spontaneous negative reaction to the topic of geocentrism but who has never investigated the topic in any depth whatsoever. I feel comfortable saying so because reactions like yours comes across my desk about once a week. The scenario usually goes like this: I respond by giving the person just a few proofs to back up my claims from mainstream scientists, physicists, astrophysicists, etc. The person doesn’t write back. I then prod them with a second email. They write back and tell me they are thinking over my evidence. I wait a little longer, and send them a third email. This time they either don’t respond at all or admit that they never knew that geocentrism was so well supported scientifically and that they must rethink the whole thing. So no, I’m not “destroying my credibility,” at least not with people who take the time to read my research instead of making knee-jerk reactions and throwing insults about believing in “flat earths” and the like.

    As for your comment: “I thought you were a Catholic, yet you seem to subscribe to a Protestant literal interpretation of certain Biblical passages,” I can only say that you don’t know your Catholic faith as well as you think you do. Perhaps it is you who “thought he was a Catholic” but isn’t? Was it not the Catholics, not non-Catholics, who, early in their history, decided to interpret Matthew 26:26 (“This is my body”) so literally that they actually believed that the body and blood was present in the Eucharist and the bread and wine disappeared, and did so against all the claims of science that such was impossible? Isn’t it the Protestants today who deny such a literal interpretation of Matthew 26:26 and prefer to interpret it symbolically? So you’ll understand why I never fall for the “fundamentalist” or “literal interpretation” canard.

    But not only that, all of our Church Fathers, not to mention all of the medievals, believed that geocentric passages should be interpreted literally, even in the face of the Greeks who said the Bible was wrong. And not only that, we have about a dozen popes and scores of cardinals who have made official statements about the same need for literal interpretation of cosmological passages, and they were all, so we believe as Catholics, guided by the Holy Spirit to do so. And there hasn’t been one pope following who said, in any official capacity, that the cosmological passages in Scripture should be interpreted non-literally. And then when you add in the fact that modern science has not proven heliocentrism and has admitted that geocentrism is a viable and totally acceptable way of viewing the universe, what exactly do you have on your side of the fence, Mike, that allows you to make such strong conclusions and allegations?

    As for you comment: “Even worse, you use the Bible as a science book, something it was NOT intended to be.  Why?” the fact is, I’ve never said the Bible is a science book and I don’t treat it like one. The Bible doesn’t contain formulas like F =ma or E = mc^2. I treat the Bible as the inspired word of God which is inerrant in all that it states in propositional form, as our Church Fathers, doctors of the Church, saints, popes, catechisms, councils, and just about any other official venue offered in the Catholic Church, has repeatedly stated. This was precisely the argument that Pope Urban VIII gave to Galileo when he condemned heliocentrism as “formally heretical” in 1633.

    So when the Bible says the earth is motionless in space, I take it literally, because God cannot lie, just as He didn’t lie when he said “This is my body” and meant that it was his physical body. Or are you going to argue that it’s ok to interpret Matthew 26:26 literally but not Joshua 10:10-14? On what hermeneutical basis? Science?? Hardly. Science is the very institution that says it is impossible to interpret Matthew 26:26 literally, but tells us that it is scientifically acceptable to interpret Joshua 10:10-14 literally. My guess is, Mike, that you’ve never thought about these things.

    In the end, I’m in good company, Mike. But where is your company? Which Father can you show me that supports your view? Which pope in an official teaching of the Catholic Church? Which council? Which catechism? Which scientific proof can you show me that says heliocentrism is true and geocentrism is false? I already know the answers to these questions, Mike. But my guess is that you don’t, since you’ve never studied the issue. You’ve only reacted based on your prejudices. But I understand. That is the normal reaction, at least at first.

    The question now is, however, what are you going to do with the challenge I’ve brought forth to you? Or do you really think that a guy like me could write a book like Not By Faith Alone but not have the slightest idea what he is talking about when he also writes Galileo Was Wrong? Common sense tells you it is not so, Mike. I suggest you use it, instead of your prejudice.

    So, since you decided to enter this fray, I’m going to throw out a challenge to you, Mike. Give me your full name and address and I’ll send you my books on geocentrism free of charge, if you promise to read them with diligence and an open-mind. Then, when you’ve finished, get back to me and give me your thoughts. If you decide not to believe that geocentrism is a viable scientific position and can back up your objections with logical and scientific arguments, I’ll be the first one to concede my position.

    But if you decide not to take up my offer and want to remain in your prejudice without examining the evidence, well then, I’ll just go right back to what I’ve been doing and chalk up your inquiry as just another in a long line of prejudicial judgments from people who refuse to examine the facts before they make up their mind. Let me know what you decide.

    God be with you.

    Robert Sungenis

    PS: In the meantime, read the following recent essay I wrote on geocentrism to whet your appetite.

    http://www.catholicintl.com/articles/articlereviews/Review_of_Lockwoods_article_on_Galileo_typos_corrected.pdf

  • Question 169 - What does "drawing sustenance from the root" refer to?

    Question 169 - What does "drawing sustenance from the root" refer to?

    Dear Robert,
     
    I was reading your
    "Ambiguities in USCCB's Critique of "Reflections" Document" . A very worth while read. I learned a lot. 

    You explained the following sentence from Nostra Aetate:

    "Nor can she [the Church] forget that she draws sustenance from the root of that well-cultivated olive tree onto which have been grafted the wild shoots, the Gentiles." 

     

    You said that this does not mean that the Church draws sustenance from the Jewish people. You showed that according to Paul, the Jews are actually the branches that were cut off from the tree (Romans 11:16-24). That makes perfect sense.

     

    You explained however that the root is likely the Old Testament or Abraham, or God. However I would like to put forward these observations:

     

    The sentence from NA in context reads:

     

    The Church, therefore, cannot forget that she received the revelation of the Old Testament through the people with whom God in His inexpressible mercy concluded
    the Ancient Covenant. Nor can she forget that she draws sustenance from the root of that well-cultivated olive tree onto which have been grafted the wild shoots, the Gentiles.


    NA says "the root of THAT well-cultivated olive tree." I believe the word "that" is hearkening back to "the people with whom God in His inexpressible mercy concluded the Ancient Covenant" from the previous sentence. Therefore the "well-cultivated olive tree" onto which the Church has been grafted, in my opinion, is the referring to the Jewish people of the Old Testament on whom God showed mercy. I think that is a reasonable reading of the sentence.

     

    The "root" then, in my opinion, is referring back to the "Ancient Covenant," from the previous sentence also. Hence, altogether, NA is saying that we cannot forget that we draw sustenance from the Ancient Covenant, which is the root of the Jewish people, with whom God showed mercy by concluding the Ancient Covenant.

     

    If I am correct in my interpretation, then we Catholics have been grafted onto "the people with whom God in his inexpressible mercy concluded the Ancient Covenant." For some this may be unacceptable, because it suggests that the Church has been grafted onto the Jewish people who still practice the Jewish religion today. Yet, this is not my interpretation. NA states that we have been grafted onto the "well cultivated olive tree," which for me, refers to the faithful Jews of the Old Testament who allowed themselves to be "well cultivated" by the Ancient Covenant. As we know not all Jews in the Old Testament lived by the Ancient Covenant, and this is why they were conquered from the Land. The well cultivated olive tree onto which the Church has been grafted after all, are those "with whom God in His inexpressible mercy concluded the Ancient Covenant." The indicates that the concluding of the Ancient Covenant was an act of mercy on God's part towards "the people." Hence, the people that the Church has been grafted onto are those who themselves, consider the conclusion of the Ancient Covenant as an act of mercy on God's part. As far as I am aware, the people who practice Judaism today would not consider the conclusion of the Ancient Covenant an act of mercy. This is what leads me to believe that the ones who we the Church have been grafted onto are not the Jews of today, but the ones who in the Old Testament lived by the Ancient Covenant....as you say, the Davids, the Moseses, the Elijahs, the Daniels etc., who looked forward to the Coming of Christ and the New Covenant.

     

    Hence all in all, what I think NA is saying is:

     

    root = the Ancient Covenant

    well cultivated olive tree = the true Jews of the Old Testament, like Abraham, David, Moses etc. and any well cultivated Jew from the Old Testament who would consider the conclusion of the Ancient Covenant an act of mercy on God's part.

    sustenance = sustenance

     

    What is your opinion of this interpretation? Thanks for your time.

     

    Damien

     

    R. Sungenis: Damien, I don’t believe the interpretation is correct, for several reasons.

     

    First, since the Jews who were broken off are branches, then the Jews who remain are also branches; and therefore, the Jews who remain cannot assume the larger picture of the “well-cultivated olive tree” without also including both sets of branches, Jews and Gentiles. The phrase “well-cultivated olive tree” refers to the whole tree, that is, the root, the trunk, the branches; and the only reason it is mentioned is so that the root of that tree can be specified (for there can’t be a root of mere branches). It is the root that is the fulcrum of the analogy here.

     

    Second, the word “concluded” in Nostra Aetate does not mean a cessation of the Ancient Covenant but, believe it or not, the beginning of it. We don’t use the word “concluded” in that way very often, so this was a poor choice of words by the English translators of Nostra Aetate. And just as bad a translation (or even poor choice in the Latin original) is the word “Ancient,” since it is highly ambiguous. There were a lot of “ancient” covenants in the Old Testament. There were two covenants with Abraham, two with Moses, and one with David. Which one is Nostra Aetate referring to? It’s anyone’s guess. The conciliar and post-conciliar Church has constantly failed on specifying the proper distinctions in this matter, and it is just another of the ambiguities in the Vatican II documents that often cause confusion.

     

    Third, a few grammatical issues. The word “that” in the phrase “the root of THAT well-cultivated olive tree,” is not necessarily seeking for an antecedent, especially when a metaphor is asking to be the object of the demonstrative pronoun. It may simply be a demonstrative adjective that is emphasizing the “well-cultivated olive tree.”

     

    Also, the word “nor” in the clause: “Nor can she forget that she draws sustenance from the root of that well-cultivated olive tree” does not necessarily need an antecedent either. In this case, “nor” is adding a different object for us “not to forget” rather than explicate the previous object we are not to forget. As such, it separates the two objects rather than joining them as one object with different descriptions.

     

    Fourth, if the branches refer to people (i.e., Jews and Gentiles) then it is only logical that the “root” also refer to a person or God, rather than an inanimate object. If one is going to use a metaphorical analogy, then it is only proper that he be consistent with the metaphors, otherwise, he will confuse his reader more than help him. Since Abraham is the beginning of both the Jews and the Gentiles, it appears that he serves as the most eligible “root” of the analogy, unless it was Paul’s purpose to take us back even further and have the root be God himself.

  • Question 168 - RC Sproul and Intrinsic Dignity of Man

    Question 168 - RC Sproul and Intrinsic Dignity of Man

    Hi Bob,

     

    Quick question, but perhaps complicated answers. I am reading through RC Sproul's book "What is Reformed Theology". On page 25, he writes,

     

    Reformed theology maintains a high view of the worth and dignity of human beings. It differs radically at this point from all forms of humanism in that humanism assigns an intrinsic dignity to man, while Reformed theology sees the dignity of man as being extrinsic. That is to say, man's dignity is not inherent. It does not exist in and of itself. Ours is a derived, dependent, and received dignity. In and of ourselves we are of the dust. But God has assigned a remarkable value and worth to us as his creatures made in his image. He is the source of our life and our very being. He has cloaked us with a robe of value and worth.

     

    I think that if I did not quote that last sentence, we would be unsure that Sproul was referring his analysis of the dignity of man to man's status concerning his relationship with God regarding his justification. Since justification is extrinsic to man, according to Reformed teaching, I take him to mean that is where man's dignity lies, in his status as just in the eyes of God. Now, I have two basic questions, one to understand the Reformed position, and the other to understand the Catholic position.

     

    Firstly, if man's dignity is extrinsic and is derived from his status as just (clothed in the robe of Christ's righteousness), then would the Reformed theologian NOT ascribe any inherent dignity or worth to a human life, before justification or regeneration, and more specifically, to the unborn child.

     

    R. Sungenis: The Reformed position has two veins on this issue. First, they believe that man is “totally depraved,” which is the T of TULIP. This means that as far as having any residual ability of free will to come to God after Adam sinned, the answer is no, there is no free will. Man is in complete and utter bondage, and only an act of God, without any dependence on man’s free will, can bring him out of it.

     

    But there is a second vein to Reformed thinking, and it has two branches. The first is that man’s “natural gifts,” as Calvin calls them, although they were corrupted in the fall of Adam, nevertheless, still operate well enough that man can reason and understand, and therefore distinguish between good and evil (Institutes, Book II, Ch. 2, No 12).

     

    The second branch is Common Grace, a grace give to all men so that they have the ability to act on the law written in their hearts that was given to them when God made man in his image. By this Common Grace, man can do right from wrong, and knows that he has lost the image of God and needs to have it restored.

     

    So, from both branches, man knows not to kill the unborn because of the potential that unborn child has of attaining the image of God, not that the unborn child presently has the image of God.

     

    Laurence: Secondly, what is your opinion on the Church's current exposition of the intrinsic dignity of man that came from and after Vatican II, and does it depart from pre-Vatican II understanding of human dignity.

     

    Thanks, Bob.

     

    AMDG.

    Laurence Gonzaga

    http://pacislander4life.xanga.com/

     

    R. Sungenis: I don’t think it is anything new in Church teaching – and I mean “new” in the sense of never being taught or mentioned previously. It only appears “new” because it wasn’t emphasized as much in the past. As Dignitatis Humanae says,

     

    “This Vatican Council…searches the sacred tradition and teaching of the Church, from which it draws forth new things that are always in harmony with the old.”

     

    DH also says:

     

    “This Council further declares that the right to religious freedom is based on the very dignity of the human person as known through the revealed word of God and by reason itself.”

     

    “Reason” certainly tells us that we are to treat all human beings with love and respect, so there can hardly be an argument against it from this perspective.

     

    As for Scripture, we have passages such as James 3:9:

     

    “With the tongue we praise our Lord and Father, and with it we curse human beings, who have been made in God's likeness,”

     

    This bespeaks an intrinsic dignity of the human being. The verse classes all human beings as having a certain dignity simply because they are made in God’s image and likeness.

     

    The same is said in the tradition. Aquinas touches upon the dignity of man in many different topics.

     

    “It belongs to man's mode and dignity that he be uplifted to divine things, from the very fact that he is made to God's image.” (Q 175, Art 1, Reply to Obj. 2).

     

    “I answer that, Respect of persons is opposed to distributive justice. For the equality of distributive justice consists in allotting various things to various persons in proportion to their personal dignity.” (Summa, Q 63, Art 1)

     

    “Hence it follows that a thing is said to be assumable according to some fitness for such a union.  Now this fitness in human nature may be taken from two things, viz. according to its dignity, and according to its need.  According to its dignity, because human nature, as being rational and intellectual, was made for attaining to the Word to some extent by its operation, viz. by knowing and loving Him.  According to its need - because it stood in need of restoration, having fallen under original sin.  Now these two things belong to human nature alone.  For in the irrational creature the fitness of dignity is wanting, and in the angelic nature the aforesaid fitness of need is wanting.  Hence it follows that only human nature was assumable.” (Summa, Q 4, Art 1).

     

    “On the contrary, On the text, "Their angels in heaven," etc. (Mt 8:10), Jerome says: "Great is the dignity of souls, for each one to have an angel deputed to guard it from its birth." I answer that, each man has an angel guardian appointed to him.” (Q 113, Art 2).

     

    “It may happen, however, that in view of certain circumstances, a sin committed against one who is not connected with any other person, is more grievous, on account of either the dignity of the person, or the greatness of the injury.” (Q 65, Art 4).

     

    Accordingly, as opposed to the Calvinists, Augustine says that though the image of God in man is defaced or tarnished, man still has the image:

    Augustine: “But it lost righteousness and true holiness by sinning, through which that image became defaced and, tarnished; and this it recovers when it is formed again and renewed” (On the Trinity, Book 14, Ch 16).

    Augustine: “…but we must find in the soul of man, i.e., the rational or intellectual soul, that image of the Creator which is immortally implanted in its immortality. For as the immortality itself of the soul is spoken with a qualification; since the soul too has its proper death, when it lacks a blessed life, which is to be called the true life of the soul; but it is therefore called immortal, because it never ceases to live with some life or other, even when it is most miserable;--so, although reason or intellect is at one time torpid in it, at another appears small, and at another great, yet the human soul is never anything save rational or intellectual; and hence, if it is made after the image of God in respect to this, that it is able to use reason and intellect in order to understand and behold God, then from the moment when that nature so marvellous and so great began to be, whether this image be so worn out as to be almost none at all, or whether it be obscure and defaced, or bright and beautiful, certainly it always is” (On the Trinity, Bk 14, Ch 4).

    In the “Dignity of the Human Person,” which is the title of a document from Gaudium et spes, the Church echoes Thomas’ and Augustine’s teaching, for she has held that man was created in the image of God, and is called to communicate with God.

     

    “But the very dignity of man postulates that man glorify God in his body and forbid it to serve the evil inclinations of his heart.” (14)

     

    “For man has in his heart a law written by God; to obey it is the very dignity of man; according to it he will be judged. Conscience is the most secret core and sanctuary of a man. There he is alone with God,” (16)

     

    “Hence man's dignity demands that he act according to a knowing and free choice that is personally motivated and prompted from within, not under blind internal impulse nor by mere external pressure.” (17)

     

    “The root reason for human dignity lies in man's call to communion with God. From the very circumstance of his origin man is already invited to converse with God. For man would not exist were he not created by Gods love and constantly preserved by it;” (19)

     

    “The Church holds that the recognition of God is in no way hostile to man's dignity, since this dignity is rooted and perfected in God. For man was made an intelligent and free member of society by God Who created him, but even more important, he is called as a son to commune with God and share in His happiness. She further teaches that a hope related to the end of time does not diminish the importance of intervening duties but rather undergirds the acquittal of them with fresh incentives. By contrast, when a divine instruction and the hope of life eternal are wanting, man's dignity is most grievously lacerated, as current events often attest; riddles of life and death, of guilt and of grief go unsolved with the frequent result that men succumb to despair.” (21)

     

    At the same time, however, there is a growing awareness of the exalted dignity proper to the human person, since he stands above all things, and his rights and duties are universal and inviolable. Therefore, there must be made available to all men everything necessary for leading a life truly human, such as food, clothing, and shelter; the right to choose a state of life freely and to found a family, the right to education, to employment, to a good reputation, to respect, to appropriate information, to activity in accord with the upright norm of one's own conscience, to protection of privacy and rightful freedom, even in matters religious. (1, 2, 26).

    But it is necessary to distinguish between error, which always merits repudiation, and the person in error, who never loses the dignity of being a person even when he is flawed by false or inadequate religious notions. God alone is the judge and searcher of hearts, for that reason He forbids us to make judgments about the internal guilt of anyone.

    Dignitatis Humane cites the encyclical by John XXIII, Pacem in Terris; while John XXIII cites Leo XIII for the same principle:

     

    “By the natural law every human being has the right to respect for his person, to his good reputation; the right to freedom in searching for truth and in expressing and communicating his opinions, and in pursuit of art, within the limits laid down by the moral order and the common good; (12)

     

    “This too must be listed among the rights of a human being, to honor God according to the sincere dictates of his own conscience, and therefore the right to practice his religion privately and publicly. For as Lactantius so clearly taught: We were created for the purpose of showing to the God Who bore us the submission we owe Him, of recognizing Him alone, and of serving Him. We are obliged and bound by this duty to God; from this religion itself receives its name.  And on this point Our Predecessor of immortal memory, Leo XIII, declared: This genuine, this honorable freedom of the sons of God, which most nobly protects the dignity of the human person, is greater than any violence or injustice; it has always been sought by the Church, and always must dear to Her. This was the freedom which the Apostles claimed with intrepid constancy, which the Apologists defended with their writings, and which the Martyrs in such numbers consecrated with their blood.” (14)

     

    Evangelium Vitae bases the condemnation of abortion on the dignity of the human person, as does Donum Vitae:

     

    “This is what is happening also at the level of politics and government: the original and inalienable right to life is questioned or denied on the basis of a parliamentary vote or the will of one part of the people -- even if it is the majority. This is the sinister result of a relativism which reigns unopposed: the ‘right’ ceases to be such, because it is no longer firmly founded on the inviolable dignity of the person, but is made subject to the will of the stronger part. In this way democracy, contradicting its own principles, effectively moves towards a form of totalitarianism. The state is no longer the "common home" where all can live together on the basis of principles of fundamental equality, but is transformed into a tyrant state, which arrogates to itself the right to dispose of the life of the weakest and most defenseless members, from the unborn child to the elderly, in the name of a public interest which is really nothing but the interest of one part. The appearance of the strictest respect for legality is maintained, at least when the laws permitting abortion and euthanasia are the result of a ballot in accordance with what are generally seen as the rules of democracy. Really, what we have here is only the tragic caricature of legality; the democratic ideal, which is only truly such when it acknowledges and safeguards the dignity of every human person, is betrayed in its very foundations: "How is it still possible to speak of the dignity of every human person when the killing of the weakest and most innocent is permitted? In the name of what justice is the most unjust of discriminations practiced: some individuals are held to be deserving of defense and others are denied that dignity?" When this happens, the process leading to the breakdown of a genuinely human co-existence and the disintegration of the state itself has already begun. To claim the right to abortion, infanticide and euthanasia, and to recognize that right in law, means to attribute to human freedom a perverse and evil significance: that of an absolute power over others and against others. This is the death of true freedom: ‘Truly, truly, I say to you, everyone who commits sin is a slave to sin’ (Jn 8.34)” (Evangelium Vitae, 20).

    Donum Vitae, 4, says much the same:

    “To use human embryos or fetuses as the object or instrument of experimentation constitutes a crime against their dignity as human beings having a right to the same respect that is due to the child already born and to every human person. The Charter of the Rights of the Family published by the Holy See affirms: "Respect for the dignity of the human being excludes all experimental manipulation or exploitation of the human embryo." The practice of keeping human embryos alive in vivo or in vitro for experimental or commercial purposes is totally opposed to human dignity.”

    As you can see, the doctrine of the “dignity” of the human person is an integral part of Catholic theology, and without it we would have a lot of unanswered questions as to how we should treat both human adults and the human unborn.

    R. Sungenis